਍㰀琀愀戀氀攀 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀∀㄀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㌀　─∀ 椀搀㴀∀琀愀戀氀攀㌀∀ 戀漀爀搀攀爀挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀⌀　　㘀㘀䌀䌀∀ 挀攀氀氀瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㴀∀㘀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀㄀─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ Year ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀㔀─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ Infantry ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 挀漀氀猀瀀愀渀㴀∀㈀∀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ Cavalry ਍ऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀㄀─∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ   ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㈀　─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ Regular ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㈀㌀─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ Irregular ਍ऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㈀㐀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀㄀─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ 1819 ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㈀㐀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀㔀─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ 7, 748 ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㈀㐀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㈀　─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ 750 ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㈀㐀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㈀㌀─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ 3, 577 ਍ऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀㄀─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ 1823 ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀㔀─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ 11, 681 ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㈀　─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ 1, 650 ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㈀㌀─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ 7, 300 ਍ऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀㄀─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ 1828 ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀㔀─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ 15, 825 ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㈀　─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ 4, 315 ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㈀㌀─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ 7, 200 ਍ऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀㄀─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ 1838 ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀㔀─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ 26, 617 ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㈀　─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ 4, 090 ਍ऀऀ㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㈀㌀─∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀㸀ഀഀ 10, 795 ਍ऀ㰀⼀琀爀㸀ഀഀ ਍㰀⼀搀椀瘀㸀ഀഀ

 

਍㰀搀椀瘀 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀ㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀ㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀ㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀ㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀ㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ ਍㰀⼀琀愀戀氀攀㸀ഀഀ ਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀吀栀攀 愀戀漀瘀攀 琀愀戀氀攀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀最☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 昀愀甀樀㰀⼀椀㸀漀爀 昀攀甀搀愀氀 氀攀瘀攀攀猀 昀漀爀 眀栀椀挀栀 渀漀 昀椀最甀爀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 昀漀爀挀攀 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀攀搀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 攀渀琀椀爀攀氀礀 漀昀 栀漀爀猀攀洀攀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀最☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 栀愀搀 琀漀 洀愀椀渀琀愀椀渀 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 椀渀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 渀攀攀搀 漀爀 愀琀 琀栀攀 愀渀渀甀愀氀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 爀攀瘀椀攀眀猀Ⰰ 渀漀爀洀愀氀氀礀 栀攀氀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 䐀甀猀猀攀栀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 椀渀 伀挀琀漀戀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀Ⰰ 戀攀猀椀搀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 欀椀渀最✀猀 戀漀搀礀最甀愀爀搀猀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䘀愀甀樀ⴀ椀ⴀ儀椀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀琀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 最愀爀爀椀猀漀渀 椀渀昀愀渀琀爀礀 琀漀 最甀愀爀搀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 昀漀爀琀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀 㐀　　　ⴀ猀琀爀漀渀最 挀爀愀挀欀 戀爀椀最愀搀攀 漀昀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀 漀爀 一椀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ

        Infantry thus became the central force, with cavalry and artillery as supporting arms. It was organized into battalions of about 900 men each. A battalion, commanded by a kumedān or commandant, assisted by an adjutant and a major, was the standard administrative and manoeuvring unit. Its administrative staff included, besides the usual camp followers and tradesmen, a munshī or clerk, a mutsaddī or accountant, and a granthī or priest and scripture-reader. A battalion had eight companies of 100 men each, further divided into sections of 25 men each. Similarly, regular cavalry was organized in risālās, regiments, sub-divided into turps or troops, and artillery into ḍerās and batteries. Artillery was further classified according to its mode of traction, which was generally determined by the size of the guns. In 1804, this arm had been bifurcated into topkhānā kalāṅ, heavy artillery and topkhānā khurd, light artillery. Zambūraks or swivels, usually carried on camels, were attached to infantry units. Horse drawn artillery was introduced in 1810. During the same year, a special artillery corps, known as topkhānā-i-khās or topkhānā-i-mubārak, was formed as the royal reserve under Ghaus Muhammad Khān, popularly known as Mīāṅ Ghausā. In 1827, General Court reorganized the artillery into three wings. Topkhānā jinsī, literally personal artillery (reserve), was a mixed corps with batteries of gāvī, bullock-driven, aspī, horse-driven, filī, elephant-driven, guns and the hobobs or howitzers. Topkhānā aspī or horse driven artillery consisted of batteries for attachment to divisions of irregular army. Zambūraks or camel-swivels and ghubārās or mortars were organized into ḍerās or camps sub-divided into batteries. Batteries were sub-divided into sections of two guns each, with provision for even a single gun functioning as a sub-unit.

਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀吀栀攀 攀渀琀椀爀攀 昀椀攀氀搀 愀爀洀礀 眀愀猀 搀椀瘀椀搀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 㰀椀㸀昀愀甀樀ⴀ椀ⴀ愀✀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀渀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 爀攀最甀氀愀爀 愀爀洀礀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀昀愀甀樀ⴀ椀ⴀ戀攀焀愀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀✀椀搀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 椀爀爀攀最甀氀愀爀 愀爀洀礀 愀渀搀 㰀椀㸀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀最☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 昀愀甀樀㰀⼀椀㸀漀爀 昀攀甀搀愀氀 氀攀瘀攀攀猀⸀ 㰀椀㸀䘀愀甀樀ⴀ椀ⴀ䄀✀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀渀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 昀椀瘀攀 椀渀昀愀渀琀爀礀 戀愀琀琀愀氀椀漀渀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 嘀攀渀琀甀爀愀Ⰰ 琀栀爀攀攀 挀愀瘀愀氀爀礀 爀攀最椀洀攀渀琀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䄀氀氀愀爀搀 愀渀搀 ㌀㐀 最甀渀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䤀䤀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䈀愀㰀甀㸀欀栀㰀⼀甀㸀猀栀Ⰰ 昀漀爀洀攀搀 琀栀攀 栀愀爀搀 挀漀爀攀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 漀瘀攀爀愀氀氀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀 漀昀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 嘀攀渀琀甀爀愀⸀ 㰀椀㸀䘀愀甀樀ⴀ椀ⴀ䈀攀焀愀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀✀椀搀㰀⼀椀㸀 昀漀爀洀椀渀最 愀 氀愀爀最攀爀 戀甀氀欀 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀攀搀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀攀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀最栀漀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀㄀挀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀㄀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 漀爀 椀爀爀攀最甀氀愀爀 挀愀瘀愀氀爀礀 最爀漀甀瀀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 搀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 攀愀挀栀 甀渀搀攀爀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀渀礀 搀椀猀琀椀渀最甀椀猀栀攀搀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 䠀愀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 一愀氀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀Ⰰ 䐀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 䴀漀栀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀 䌀栀愀渀搀Ⰰ 䴀椀猀爀 䐀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 䌀栀愀渀搀Ⰰ 䘀愀琀攀栀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 ☀⌀㈀㔀㘀栀氀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䘀愀琀攀栀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀椀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀⸀ 䔀愀挀栀 㰀椀㸀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀攀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀㰀⼀椀㸀 挀漀洀瀀爀椀猀攀搀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 猀洀愀氀氀攀爀 最爀漀甀瀀猀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀洀椀猀氀猀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 挀漀洀瀀漀猀攀搀 漀昀 洀攀洀戀攀爀猀 漀昀 愀 挀氀愀渀 漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀氀漀猀攀 爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀搀 戀礀 栀攀愀搀猀 漀昀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 挀氀愀渀猀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 㰀椀㸀洀椀猀氀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀猀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ ☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㈀攀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀最☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 昀愀甀樀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 漀爀 昀攀甀搀愀氀 氀攀瘀攀攀猀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀氀礀 漀爀最愀渀椀稀攀搀 昀漀爀洀椀渀最 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 漀渀攀 漀爀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 搀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀⸀ 䄀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 愀 猀椀渀最氀攀 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀 挀漀爀瀀猀 昀爀漀洀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀琀琀愀挀栀洀攀渀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 洀愀搀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 搀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 搀攀瀀攀渀搀椀渀最 甀瀀漀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 愀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀 挀愀洀瀀愀椀最渀⸀ 一漀洀椀渀愀氀 漀瘀攀爀愀氀氀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀 漀昀 愀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀 攀砀瀀攀搀椀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 瘀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀渀挀攀猀 爀漀礀愀氀⸀ 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 猀甀瀀爀攀洀攀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀爀⸀ 䠀攀 愀氀猀漀 氀攀搀 猀漀洀攀 攀砀瀀攀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀氀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀爀愀挀欀 戀爀椀最愀搀攀 漀昀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 昀愀洀漀甀猀 氀攀愀搀攀爀Ⰰ 倀栀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 瘀椀爀琀甀愀氀氀礀 愀渀 愀甀琀漀渀漀洀漀甀猀 昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀 眀栀攀渀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䴀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 栀椀猀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 琀愀挀琀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ

        Standard deployment at the commencement of a battle was guns in the centre and slightly forward of the rest of the force, infantry a little behind and also covering the flanks of artillery, and cavalry on the extreme flanks. The battle usually commenced with artillery barrage.

਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀刀攀最甀氀愀爀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 眀漀爀攀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀椀瘀攀 甀渀椀昀漀爀洀猀 瀀爀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 昀漀爀 攀愀挀栀 愀爀洀⸀ 䌀愀瘀愀氀爀礀洀攀渀 眀攀爀攀 搀爀攀猀猀攀搀 椀渀 爀攀搀 樀愀挀欀攀琀猀 ⠀䘀爀攀渀挀栀 最爀攀礀 昀漀爀 氀愀渀挀攀爀猀⤀Ⰰ 氀漀渀最 戀氀甀攀 琀爀漀甀猀攀爀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀 爀攀搀 猀琀爀椀瀀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀爀椀洀猀漀渀 琀甀爀戀愀渀猀⸀ 圀漀漀氀氀攀渀 樀愀挀欀攀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 甀猀攀搀 搀甀爀椀渀最 眀椀渀琀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀攀最椀洀攀渀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 愀爀洀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 瘀愀爀礀椀渀最 挀漀洀戀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 眀攀愀瀀漀渀猀 ⴀ 猀眀漀爀搀⼀猀愀戀爀攀猀 愀渀搀 挀愀爀戀椀渀攀猀 愀渀搀 洀愀琀挀栀氀漀挀欀猀 漀爀 氀愀渀挀攀猀⸀ 䤀渀昀愀渀琀爀礀 眀愀猀 挀氀愀搀 椀渀 猀挀愀爀氀攀琀 樀愀挀欀攀琀⼀挀漀愀琀Ⰰ 眀栀椀琀攀 琀爀漀甀猀攀爀猀 眀椀琀栀 戀氀愀挀欀 戀攀氀琀猀 愀渀搀 瀀漀甀挀栀攀猀⸀ 䐀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 爀攀最椀洀攀渀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 搀椀猀琀椀渀最甀椀猀栀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀漀甀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 栀攀愀搀ⴀ搀爀攀猀猀 ⴀ 眀栀椀琀攀Ⰰ 爀攀搀Ⰰ 最爀攀攀渀 漀爀 礀攀氀氀漀眀⸀ 吀栀攀 䜀甀爀欀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀 栀愀搀 最爀攀攀渀 樀愀挀欀攀琀猀 愀渀搀 戀氀愀挀欀 挀愀瀀猀⸀ 㰀椀㸀倀漀猀琀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀渀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 昀甀爀ⴀ挀漀愀琀猀Ⰰ 漀爀 瀀愀搀搀攀搀 樀愀挀欀攀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 甀猀攀搀 搀甀爀椀渀最 眀椀渀琀攀爀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ

        The gunners wore white trousers and black waist-coats with cross-belts. Officers were not bound by rules of uniform. They used gaudy dresses of bright-coloured silks each dressing differently. The ghoṛchaṛhās or the irregular cavalry had no uniform laid down for them; yet they turned out remarkably well, as testified by Baron Hugel, a Prussian noble, who visited Mahārājā Raṇjīt Siṅgh in 1836 and inspected a cavalry parade. "I never beheld, " he wrote of a troop of ghoṛchaṛhās, "a finer nor a more remarkably striking body of men. Each one was dressed differently, and yet so much in the same fashion that they all looked in perfect keeping. "

਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀刀攀挀爀甀椀琀洀攀渀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀爀洀礀 眀愀猀 漀渀 愀 瀀甀爀攀氀礀 瘀漀氀甀渀琀愀爀礀 戀愀猀椀猀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 渀漀 挀氀愀猀猀 挀漀洀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀猀椀猀 漀昀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀渀 漀爀 渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀椀琀礀Ⰰ 渀漀爀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀 瀀爀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 愀最攀 氀椀洀椀琀 昀漀爀 攀渀爀漀氀洀攀渀琀 漀爀 爀攀琀椀爀攀洀攀渀琀⸀ 倀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 昀椀琀渀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 氀漀礀愀氀琀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 匀琀愀琀攀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 攀猀猀攀渀琀椀愀氀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 挀氀愀渀渀椀猀栀 戀愀猀椀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀洀椀猀氀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 椀渀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀䘀愀甀樀ⴀ椀ⴀ䈀攀焀愀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀✀椀搀㰀⼀椀㸀 攀渀猀甀爀攀搀 猀漀氀椀搀愀爀椀琀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀漀眀攀爀 爀甀渀最猀 漀昀 洀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 愀搀洀椀渀椀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 匀椀洀椀氀愀爀氀礀Ⰰ 戀爀愀瘀攀爀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀攀氀搀 愀渀搀 攀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀挀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 搀甀琀礀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 漀渀氀礀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 昀漀爀 瀀爀漀洀漀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 爀攀眀愀爀搀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀攀爀攀 愀氀猀漀 攀砀琀攀渀搀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 搀椀攀搀 椀渀 愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䄀 眀攀氀氀ⴀ搀攀昀椀渀攀搀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 漀昀 爀攀眀愀爀搀 愀渀搀 瀀甀渀椀猀栀洀攀渀琀 眀愀猀 攀渀昀漀爀挀攀搀 琀漀 洀愀椀渀琀愀椀渀 搀椀猀挀椀瀀氀椀渀攀 愀渀搀 洀漀爀愀氀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀昀愀猀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 猀椀砀 洀漀渀琀栀氀礀 瀀愀礀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 漀爀 瀀愀礀洀攀渀琀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 㰀椀㸀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀最☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 眀愀猀 氀愀琀攀爀 爀攀瀀氀愀挀攀搀 戀礀 爀攀最甀氀愀爀 洀漀渀琀栀氀礀 瀀愀礀洀攀渀琀 椀渀 挀愀猀栀⸀ 刀愀琀攀猀 漀昀 瀀愀礀 爀愀渀最攀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 刀猀 㐀　　ⴀ㔀　　 昀漀爀 愀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀Ⰰ 刀猀⸀ ㄀㜀ⴀ㈀㔀 昀漀爀 愀渀 椀渀昀愀渀琀爀礀 猀漀氀搀椀攀爀 愀渀搀 刀猀⸀ ㈀㈀ⴀ㈀㘀 昀漀爀 愀 栀漀爀猀攀洀愀渀 瀀攀爀 洀漀渀琀栀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀愀猀琀 挀愀猀攀Ⰰ 洀愀椀渀琀攀渀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 愀 栀漀爀猀攀 愀渀搀 愀挀挀漀甀琀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀⸀ 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀猀 攀渀樀漀礀攀搀 洀甀挀栀 栀椀最栀攀爀 猀愀氀愀爀椀攀猀⸀ 嘀攀渀琀甀爀愀 愀渀搀 䄀氀氀愀爀搀 眀攀爀攀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 攀愀挀栀 瀀愀椀搀 刀猀⸀ ㈀㔀Ⰰ 　　　 瀀攀爀 愀渀渀甀洀Ⰰ 椀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 㰀椀㸀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀最☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀猀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 渀漀 瀀爀漀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 爀攀琀椀爀攀洀攀渀琀 戀攀渀攀昀椀琀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 愀氀氀漀眀愀渀挀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 猀愀渀挀琀椀漀渀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀搀栀愀爀愀洀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀琀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 挀栀愀爀椀琀椀攀猀 昀甀渀搀 琀漀 琀栀漀猀攀 瀀攀爀洀愀渀攀渀琀氀礀 搀椀猀愀戀氀攀搀 漀渀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀 漀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 搀攀瀀攀渀搀愀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 欀椀氀氀攀搀 椀渀 愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䐀椀猀琀椀渀最甀椀猀栀攀搀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀 椀渀 瀀攀愀挀攀 漀爀 眀愀爀 眀愀猀 愀氀猀漀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀稀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 愀眀愀爀搀 漀昀 挀椀瘀椀氀 愀渀搀 洀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 琀椀琀氀攀猀Ⰰ 戀攀猀琀漀眀愀氀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀㰀甀㸀欀栀㰀⼀甀㸀椀氀氀✀愀琀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 爀漀戀攀猀 漀昀 栀漀渀漀甀爀 愀渀搀 最爀愀渀琀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀最☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 氀愀渀搀攀搀 攀猀琀愀琀攀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ

        There were three grades of khill'at marked by the number, variety and quality of the garments, ornaments and weapons comprising each of them. Military titles were high-sounding Persian expressions, which the recipients and their bards and ushers could use before their names, such as Hizbar-i-Jaṅg (the lion of battle), Zafar Jaṅg Bahādur (victorious, brave in war) Samsam ud-daulah (sharp sword of the State), Shujā' ud-daulah (valour of the State), Tahavur-panāh (asylum of bravery), and so on. The titles of Rājā and Dīwān, sparingly bestowed, were essentially for distinguished service on the civil side. For military officers, the title of Sardār was considered one of considerable distinction. Towards the end of his reign or, to be more exact, on the occasion of the marriage of Kaṅvar Nau Nihāl Siṅgh in March 1837, Raṇjīt Siṅgh instituted an Order of Merit named Kaukab-i-Iqbāl-i-Pañjāb (Star of the Prosperity of the Punjab). It was a gold medal, 2. 25 inches across with five large and five small pointed branches issuing outwards alternately from a roundish centre bearing a likeness of the Mahārājā in bust on one side, and his name on the other. It was meant to be worn round the neck suspended on a gold and scarlet riband passing through a ring on top of the semi-globular head of the star. The kaukab was of three different classes representing the three grades of the Order, distinguished by the size and quality of the inset precious stones. Star of the first class, meant to be awarded only to members of the royal family and very few distinguished chiefs and nobles for their proven devotion and fidelity to the person of Mahārājā and his House, was ornamented with a single large diamond. The Order of the second grade was bestowed upon loyal courtiers, governors of provinces, generals and ambassadors in recognition of political services. It had a diamond (of smaller size) and an emerald on it. The Order of the third grade, having a single emerald, was awarded to military officers of the rank of colonel, major or captain for bravery, resourcefulness, alertness and faithfulness; to civil servants for distinguished administrative ability and honesty; and to others enjoying greater confidence of the sovereign. Bestowal of the kaukabs was accompanied by appropriate khill'ats and titles for the awardees.

਍㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀ഀഀ

਍䈀䤀䈀䰀䤀伀䜀刀䄀倀䠀夀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀㰀漀氀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䈀愀樀眀愀Ⰰ 䘀愀甀樀愀 匀椀渀最栀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䴀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 匀礀猀琀攀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䐀攀氀栀椀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㘀㐀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ

Balwant Singh, The Army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Lahore, 1932
਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䜀愀渀搀愀 匀椀渀最栀 愀渀搀 吀攀樀愀 匀椀渀最栀Ⰰ 攀搀⸀ Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䴀愀栀愀爀愀樀愀 刀愀渀樀椀琀 匀椀渀最栀 㨀 䘀椀爀猀琀 䐀攀愀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀攀渀愀爀礀 䴀攀洀漀爀椀愀氀 嘀漀氀甀洀攀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䄀洀爀椀琀猀愀爀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㌀㤀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ

Cunningham, Joseph Davey, A History of the Sikhs from the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej. London, 1849
਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 伀猀戀漀爀渀攀Ⰰ 圀⸀ 䜀⸀ Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 䌀漀甀爀琀 愀渀搀 䌀愀洀瀀 漀昀 刀甀渀樀攀攀琀 匀椀渀最㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䰀漀渀搀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㠀㐀　㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ

Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, 2 vols. Princeton, 1963 and 1966
਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䠀愀爀戀愀渀猀 匀椀渀最栀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䴀愀栀愀爀愀樀愀 刀愀渀樀椀琀 匀椀渀最栀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䐀攀氀栀椀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀　㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ

Gulcharan Siṅgh

਍㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀ഀഀ ਍㰀⼀䠀吀䴀䰀㸀㰀⼀䈀伀䐀夀㸀ഀഀ

਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀甀㸀夀攀愀爀㰀⼀甀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ	਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀甀㸀䜀甀渀猀㰀⼀甀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ	਍ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ䤀一∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀甀㸀匀眀椀瘀攀氀猀㰀⼀甀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ	਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㰀甀㸀倀攀爀猀漀渀渀攀氀㰀⼀甀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㄀㠀㄀㤀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ	਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㈀㈀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ	਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㄀㤀　㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ	਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㠀㌀㐀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㄀㠀㈀㌀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ	਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ䘀椀最甀爀攀猀 渀漀琀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㄀㠀㈀㠀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ	਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㄀㌀　㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ	਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㈀㠀　㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ	਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㌀Ⰰ 㜀㜀㠀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㄀㠀㌀㠀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ	਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㄀㠀㠀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ	਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㈀㠀　㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ	਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ ਍ऀऀ㐀Ⰰ 㔀㌀㔀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ